Question 1

What types of disability might qualify a child for special education and related services?

Accepted Answer

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, commonly referred to as the "IDEA," children qualify for special education and related services if they have one or more of the following disabilities and, as a result, demonstrate a need for special education and related services: (1) intellectual disabilities, (2) hearing impairments, including deafness, (3) speech or language impairments, (4) visual impairments, including blindness, (5) serious emotional disturbance, (6) orthopedic impairments, (7) autism, including pervasive developmental disorders; (8) traumatic brain injury, (9) other health impairment, (10) specific learning disabilities, (11) multiple disabilities, or (12) for preschool age children, developmental delays. If a child has more than one of the above-mentioned disabilities, the child could qualify for special education and related services as having multiple disabilities. Children ages three through nine years old may also be eligible if they have developmental delays and, as a result, need special education and related services.

The legal definitions of these disabilities, which the public schools are required to apply under the IDEA, may differ from those used in medical or clinical practice. Moreover, the IDEA definitions could apply to children with disabilities that have very different medical or clinical disorders. A child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, for example, could qualify for special education and related services as a child with "other health impairments," "serious emotional disturbance," or "specific learning disabilities" if the child meets the eligibility criteria under one or more of these disability categories and if the child needs special education and related services as a result.

Signs of developmental delays or risk factors that might indicate a disability could include, but are not limited to, poor prenatal care, birth trauma, febrile or other seizure activity, severe reaction to early medication or inoculation requiring extended medical care, or severe trauma to Helping Children Learn "CLIU is a service agency committed to Helping Children Learn." The Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, creed, religion, sex, sexual orientation, ancestry, national origin, marital status, genetic information, pregnancy or handicap/disability in activities, programs or employment practices. For information regarding civil rights or grievance procedures, contact the Director of Special Programs and Services, Compliance Officer for Educational Programs and Services, or the Director of Human Resources, Compliance Officer for Employment Practices, at the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit, 4210 Independence Drive, Schnecksville, PA 18078-2580, 800-223-4821. 2 the head, followed by failure to attain developmental milestones for communication, motor development, socialization, emotional development, self-help skills, or cognition; unexplained failure to attain developmental milestones in these areas; failure to use toys and other objects in a developmentally appropriate manner; persistent inability to sustain attention at levels sufficient to complete age-appropriate tasks; easy frustration with developmentally-appropriate tasks or activities; difficulty with coloring, letter formation, or drawing lines and shapes within age appropriate parameters; difficulty building or sustaining age-appropriate relationships or conversations; persistent difficulty tolerating the presence of or interactions with peers or adults; persistent and severe disciplinary actions in preschool or school settings; failure to develop age or grade-level appropriate reading, writing, mathematical, listening, or speaking skills after exposure to sound instruction in these areas by qualified teachers; and failure to pass routine vision or hearing screenings.

Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act, some school age children with disabilities who do not meet the eligibility criteria under the IDEA might nevertheless be eligible for special protections and for adaptations and accommodations in instruction, facilities, and activities. Children are entitled to such protections, adaptations, and accommodations if they have a mental or physical disability that substantially limits or prohibits participation in or access to an aspect of the school program, whether academic or non-academic in nature.

Question 2

What programs and services are available for children with disabilities?

Accepted Answer

Each of the Carbon/Lehigh County school entities must ensure that children with disabilities are educated to the maximum extent appropriate in settings with their non-disabled peers, commonly referred to as the least restrictive environment. Programs and services available to students with disabilities, in descending order of preference, are (1) regular class placement with supplementary aides and services provided as needed in that environment, (2) regular class placement for most of the school day with itinerant service by a special education teacher either in or out of the regular classroom for 20 percent or less of the school day, (3) regular class placement for some of the school day with supplemental instruction provided by a special education teacher for more than 20 percent, but less than 80 percent of the school day, (4) instruction provided by a special education teacher for more than 80 percent of the school day, and (5) special education services, with or without regular classroom placement, either in an alternative public school setting or in a private school, treatment facility, hospital, detention center or prison, on a day or residential basis.

Depending on the nature and severity of the disability, a Carbon/Lehigh County School entity can provide special education programs and services in (1) the public school the child would attend if not disabled, (2) an alternative regular public school either in or outside the school district of residence, (3) a special education center operated by a public school entity, (4) an approved private school or other private facility licensed to serve children with disabilities, (5) a residential school, (6) an approved out-of-state program, or (7) the home.

Special education services are provided according to the primary educational needs of the child, not the category of disability. The types of service available are (1) learning support, for students who primarily need assistance with the acquisition of academic skills, (2) life skills support, for students who primarily need assistance with development of skills for independent living, (3) emotional support, for students who primarily need assistance with social or emotional development, (4) deaf or hearing impaired support, for students who primarily need assistance with compensatory skills to address deafness, (5) blind or visually impaired support, for students who primarily need assistance with compensatory skills to address blindness, (6) physical support, for students who primarily require physical assistance in the learning environment, (7) 3 autistic support, for students who primarily need assistance in the areas affected by autism spectrum disorders, and (8) multiple disabilities support, for student who primarily need assistance in multiple areas affected by their disabilities.

Related services are designed to enable the child to participate in or access his or her program of special education. Examples of related services are speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, nursing services, audiologist services, counseling, and family training.

Children of preschool age, three through five, are served by the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit in a variety of home and school-based settings that take into account the chronological and developmental age and primary needs of the child. As with school age programs, preschool programs must ensure that to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities are educated with non-disabled peers.

Each Carbon/Lehigh County School entity, in conjunction with the parents/legal guardians of each identified child, determines the type and intensity of special education and related services that a particular child needs based exclusively on the unique program of special education and related services that the school develops for that child. The child’s program is described in writing in an individualized education program, commonly referred to as an “IEP,” which is developed by an IEP team consisting of educators, parents/legal guardians, and other persons with special expertise or familiarity with the child. The parents/legal guardians of the child have the right to be notified of and to participate in all meetings of their child’s IEP team. The IEP is revised as often as circumstances warrant but at least annually. The law requires that the program and placement of the child, as described in the IEP, be reasonably calculated to ensure meaningful educational progress to the student at all times. IEPs contain, at a minimum, the projected start date and duration for the IEP, a statement of the child’s present levels of educational and functional performance, an enumeration of annual goals, a description of how the child’s progress toward meeting the annual goals will be measured and reported, a statement of the special education, program modifications, and related services to be provided, an explanation of the extent, if any, to which the child will not participate with non-disabled children, the anticipated frequency and location of the services and a statement of any accommodations necessary to measure academic achievement and functional performance of the child on state and district wide assessments. For children aged sixteen and older, the IEP must also include a transition plan to assist in the attainment of measurable post-secondary objectives. The public school must invite the child to the IEP team meeting if a purpose of the meeting will be the consideration of the post-secondary goals and transition services needed for the child.

All Carbon/Lehigh County School entities are required to allow parents/legal guardians of children with disabilities reasonable access to their child’s classrooms, subject to the provisions of each entity’s school visitation policy or guidelines.

Question 3

How do the public schools screen and evaluate children to determine eligibility for special education and related services?

Accepted Answer

Multidisciplinary Team Evaluation
Carbon/Lehigh County School entities must conduct a multidisciplinary team evaluation of every child who is thought to have a disability. The multidisciplinary team is a group of professionals who are trained in and experienced with the testing, assessment, and observation of children to determine whether they have disabilities and, if so, to identify their primary educational strengths and needs. Parents/legal guardians are also members of the multidisciplinary team. Carbon/Lehigh County School entities must reevaluate school-age students receiving special education services every three years and must reevaluate children with mental retardation and pre-school-age children receiving special education services every two years.

Parents/legal guardians may request a multidisciplinary team evaluation of their children at any time. They must do so in writing. Every public school has a procedure in place by which parents/legal guardians can request an evaluation. For information about each Carbon/Lehigh County School entity’s procedures applicable to your child, contact the elementary, middle, or high school which your child attends. Telephone numbers and addresses for these schools can be found by visiting the school’s webpage listed at the end of this notice. Parents/legal guardians of preschool age children, age three through five, may request an evaluation in writing by addressing a letter as follows: Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit, Early Intervention Services, 4210 Independence Drive, Schnecksville, Pennsylvania 18078-2580. The telephone number for the Early Intervention Program is (610) 769-4111 ext. 1256.

Parents/legal guardians of children in private schools may request a multidisciplinary team evaluation of their children without enrolling in their public schools. However, while some services might be available to some private school children who are found eligible by the responsible Carbon/Lehigh County School entity, that entity is not required to provide all or any of the special education and related services those children would receive if enrolled in the public schools. If, after an evaluation, the multidisciplinary team determines that the child is eligible for special education and related services, the responsible Carbon/Lehigh County School entity must offer the parents/legal guardians an IEP and a public school-sponsored placement, unless the parents/legal guardians of the child are not interested in such an offer. If parents/legal guardians wish to take advantage of such an offer, they may have to enroll or re-enroll their child in the responsible Carbon/Lehigh County School entity to do so.

Before a Carbon/Lehigh County School entity can proceed with an evaluation, it must notify the parents/legal guardians in writing of the specific types of testing and assessment it proposes to conduct, of the date and time of the evaluation, and of the parents/legal guardians’ rights. The evaluation cannot begin until the parent has signed the written notice indicating that he or she consents to the proposed testing and assessments and has returned the notice to the public school.

Screening
All Carbon/Lehigh County School entities undertake screening activities before referring students for a multidisciplinary team evaluation. Screening activities could involve Multi-Tiered System of Supports, commonly referred to as “MTSS,” or an alternative screening process. Regardless of the particular screening method employed, the screening process must include (1) periodic vision and hearing assessments by the school nurse as mandated by the School Code and (2) screening at reasonable intervals to determine whether all students are performing based on grade-appropriate standards in core academic subjects. If screening activities produce little or no improvement after a reasonable period of intervention or remediation, the child will then be referred for a multidisciplinary team evaluation.

For information about the dates of various screening activities in your child’s school or to request screening activities for a particular child, contact the local public school directly. Telephone numbers and addresses for these schools can be found at the end of this notice. Parents/legal guardians/legal guardians of preschool age children, age three through five, may obtain information about screening activities, or may request a screening of their children, by calling or writing the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit, Early Intervention Services, 4210 Independence Drive, Schnecksville, Pennsylvania 18078-2580. The telephone number for the Early Intervention Program is (610) 769-4111 ext. 1256.

Private school administrators, teachers, and parent groups, or individual parents/legal guardians of students in private schools, who are interested in establishing systems in those schools for locating and identifying children with disabilities who might need a multidisciplinary team evaluation may contact the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit, Non-Public/Private Schools Supervisor, 4210 Independence Drive, Schnecksville, Pennsylvania 18078-2580. The telephone number for the Non-Public/Private Schools Supervisor is (610) 769-4111 ext. 1625.

Question 4

Part 1 : What special rights and protections do children with disabilities and their parents/legal guardians have?

Accepted Answer

State and federal law affords many rights and protections to children with disabilities and their parents/legal guardians. A summary of those rights and protections follows. Interested persons may obtain a complete written summary of the rights and protections afforded by the law, together with information about free or low cost legal services and advice, by contacting their school district’s special education or student services department at the address and telephone number listed at the end of this notice. For Early Intervention Services, the written summary is available through the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit, Early Intervention Services, 4210 Independence Drive, Schnecksville, Pennsylvania 18078-2580. The telephone number for the Early Intervention Program is (610) 769-4111 ext. 1256.

Rights and Protections
Prior Written Notice. The responsible Carbon/Lehigh County School entity must notify you in writing whenever it proposes to initiate or to change the identification, evaluation, educational program or placement of a child or whenever it refuses to initiate or make a change in the identification, evaluation, educational program or placement requested by a parent. Such notice must be accompanied by a written description of the action proposed or rejected, the reasons for the proposal or refusal, a description of the evaluation information and other relevant factors used as a basis for the decision, the other options considered, if any, the reasons why such options were rejected and a statement that the parent has the right to procedural safeguards.

Consent. Carbon/Lehigh County School entities cannot proceed with an evaluation or reevaluation, or with the initial provision of special education and related services, without the written consent of the parents/legal guardians. However, a Carbon/Lehigh County School entity may attempt to override the lack of consent for an initial evaluation or reevaluation by requesting the approval of an impartial hearing officer by filing a due process request. Additionally, in the case of a parent’s failure to respond to a request to conduct a reevaluation, a Carbon/Lehigh County School entity may proceed with the proposed reevaluation without parental consent if it can show that it made a reasonable effort to obtain parental consent and that the parent failed to respond. A public school may not seek a hearing to override the refusal of a parent to consent to an initial placement in special education. Parents/legal guardians have the right to withdraw their consent to special education services at any time. In doing so, they are agreeing to the discontinuation of all special education instruction, supplementary aides, program modifications, adaptations, and services. By withdrawing consent, they are also agreeing to forgo the special rights and protections that apply to children with disabilities and their parents/legal guardians.

Protection in Evaluation Procedures. Evaluations to determine eligibility and the current need for special education and related services must be administered in a manner that is free of racial, cultural, or linguistic bias and in the native language of the child. The evaluation must assess the child in all areas related to the suspected disability and include variety of technically sound instruments, assessment tools and strategies. The assessments and evaluation materials must be used for the purposes for which the assessments or measure are valid and reliable, must be administered by trained and knowledgeable personnel in accordance with any instructions provided by the producer of the assessment and must be talked to assess special areas of need. Moreover, evaluation determinations cannot be based upon any single measure or assessment.

Independent Educational Evaluation. If parents/legal guardians disagree with the evaluation conducted by the responsible Carbon/Lehigh County School entity, they may request in writing an independent educational evaluation, commonly referred as an “IEE,” at public expense. If an IEE is provided at public expense, the criteria under which the IEE is privately obtained must be the same as the criteria that the responsible Carbon/Lehigh County School entity uses when it initiates an evaluation. Information concerning each school entity’s evaluation criteria can be obtained through the Office of Special Education or Student Services of that entity. If the Carbon/Lehigh County School entity refuses to pay for the IEE, it must immediately request a special education due process hearing to defend the appropriateness of its evaluation.

Due Process Hearing Procedures
The parent or local educational agency, commonly referred to as the “LEA,” may request a due process hearing with respect to any matter relating to the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child or the provision of a free appropriate public education, commonly referred to as “FAPE”. The party requesting the hearing must submit a “Due Process Hearing Request” form to the Office for Dispute Resolution, 6340 Flank Drive, Suite 600, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17112; telephone (800) 222-3353; TTY (800) 654-5984. A due process hearing will not proceed until all required information is provided and procedures followed.

Timeline for requesting Due Process. The parent or LEA must request a due process hearing by filing a Due Process Hearing Request within two (2) years of the date to parent or the LEA knew or should have known about the alleged action that forms the basis of the request. There are limited exceptions to this timeline. This timeline will not apply to the parent if the parent was prevented from filing a Due Process Hearing Request due to either (1) specific misrepresentations by the LEA that it had resolved the problem forming the basis of the hearing request, or (2) the LEA’s withholding of information from the parent that the LEA was required provide.

Filing and Service of the Due Process Hearing Request. The party requesting the hearing must send a copy of the Due Process Hearing Request to the other party and, at the same time, to the Office for Dispute Resolution by mail addressed to the Office for Dispute Resolution, 6340 Flank Drive, Suite 600, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17112, or by electronic mail addressed to ODR.pattan.net, or by facsimile at (717) 657-5983.

Contents of Due Process Hearing Request. The Due Process Hearing Request must contain the following information:

1. The name of the child, the address where the child lives, and the name of the school the child is attending or, if the child is homeless, available contact information for the child and the name of the school the child is attending;
2. A description of the nature of the problem, including facts relating to such problem; and
3. A proposed resolution of the problem to the extent known and available to the party filing the Due Process Hearing Request.

Challenging Sufficiency of the Due Process Hearing Request. The Due Process Hearing Request will be considered to be sufficient unless the party receiving it notifies the Hearing Officer and the other party in writing within fifteen (15) days of receipt that the receiving party believes the Request does not meet the requirements listed above.

Response to Request. If the LEA has not sent a prior written notice, such as a Notice of Recommended Educational Placement, commonly referred to as a “NOREP”, to the parent regarding the subject matter contained in the parent's Due Process Hearing Request, the LEA must send to the parent, within ten (10) days of receiving the Due Process Hearing Request, a response including the following Information: (1) an explanation of why the LEA proposed or refused to take the action raised in the Hearing Request, (2) a description of other options the Individualized Education Program (“IEP”) Team considered, if any, (3) and the reasons why those options were rejected, (4) a description of each evaluation procedure, assessment, record, or report the LEA used as the basis for the proposed or refused action and (5) a description of the factors that are relevant to the proposal or refusal. Filing this response to the parent's Due Process Hearing Request does not prevent the LEA from challenging the sufficiency of the Due Process Hearing Request. If it is the parent receiving the Due Process Hearing Request, then a response to the Due Process Hearing Request must be sent to the other side within ten (10) days of receipt of the request. The response should specifically address the issues raised in the Due Process Hearing Request.

Hearing Officer Determination of Sufficiency of the Due Process Hearing Request. Within five (5) days of receiving a party's challenge to the sufficiency of the Due Process Hearing Request, the Hearing Officer must make a determination based solely on the information contained within the Request whether the Request meets content requirements listed above. The Hearing Officer must immediately notify both parties in writing of his or her determination.

Subject Matter of the Hearing. The party requesting the due process hearing is not permitted to raise issues at the due process hearing that were not raised in the Due Process Hearing Request (or Amended Due Process Hearing Request) unless the other party agrees otherwise.
Resolution Session. Before a due process hearing can take place, the LEA must convene a preliminary meeting with the parent and the relevant member or members of the IEP Team who have specific knowledge of the facts identified in the Due Process Hearing Request in an attempt to resolve those issues without the need to proceed to a due process hearing. This preliminary meeting must be convened within fifteen (15) days of the receipt of the Due Process Hearing Request. A representative of the LEA who has decision-making authority must be present at this meeting. The LEA may not have an attorney attend the meeting unless the parent is also accompanied by an attorney. Parent advocates may attend the meeting. At the meeting, the parent will discuss the Due Process Hearing Request, and the LEA will be provided the opportunity to resolve the Due Process Hearing Request unless the parent and the LEA agree, in writing, to waive this meeting, or agree to use the mediation process. If the parent and LEA resolve the issues in the Due Process Hearing Request at the preliminary meeting, they must put the agreement terms in writing, and both the parent and a representative of the LEA who has the authority to bind the LEA must sign the agreement. The agreement is a legally-binding document and may be enforced by a court. Either the parent or LEA may void the agreement within three (3) business days of the date of the agreement. After three (3) business days, the agreement is binding on both parties.

Amended Due Process Hearing Request. Either the parent or a LEA may amend its Due Process Hearing Request only if the other party consents in writing to the amendment and is given the opportunity to resolve the issues raised in the Due Process Hearing Request through a resolution session, or the Hearing Officer grants permission for the party to amend the Due Process Hearing Request. However, the Hearing Officer may grant this permission not later than five (5) days before a due process hearing occurs.

Timeline for Completion of Due Process Hearing. If the LEA has not resolved the Due Process Hearing Request within thirty (30) days of receiving it, or within thirty (30) days of receiving the Amended Due Process Hearing Request the due process hearing may proceed and applicable timelines commence. The timeline for completion of due process hearings is forty-five (45) days, unless the Hearing Officer grants specific extensions of time at the request of either party.

Disclosure of Evaluations and Recommendations. Not less than five (5) business days prior to a due process hearing, each party must disclose to all other parties all evaluations completed by that date, and recommendations based on the offering party's evaluations that the party intends to use at the due process hearing. Failure to disclose this information may result in a Hearing Officer prohibiting the party from introducing the information at the hearing unless the other party consents to its introduction.

Due Process Hearing Rights. The hearing for a child with a disability or thought to have a disability must be conducted and held in the LEA at a place and time reasonably convenient to the parent and child involved. The hearing must be an oral, personal hearing and must be closed the public unless the parent requests an open hearing. If the hearing is open, the decision issued in the case, and only the decision, will be available to the public. If the hearing is closed, the decision will be treated as a record of the child and may not be available to the public. The decision of the Hearing Officer must include findings of fact, discussion, and conclusions of law. Although technical rules of evidence will not be followed, the decision must be based upon substantial evidence presented at the hearing. A written or, at the option of the parent, electronic verbatim record of the hearing will be provided to the parent at no cost. Parents/legal guardians may be represented by legal counsel and accompanied and advised by individuals with special knowledge or training with respect to the problems of children with disabilities. Parents/legal guardians or parent representatives must be given access to educational records, including any tests or reports upon which the proposed action is based. A party has the right to compel the attendance of and question witnesses who may have evidence upon which the proposed action might be based. A party has the right to present evidence and confront and cross-exam witnesses. A party has the right to present evidence and testimony, including expert medical, psychological, or educational testimony.

Decision of Hearing Officer. A decision made by a Hearing Officer must be made on substantive grounds, based upon a determination of whether the child received a FAPE. In disputes alleging procedural violations, a Hearing Officer may award remedies only if the procedural inadequacies impeded the child’s right to a FAPE; significantly impeded the parents/legal guardians opportunity to participate in the decision-making process regarding the provision of a FAPE to the child; or caused a deprivation of educational benefits. A Hearing Officer may still order a LEA to comply with procedural requirements even if the Hearing Officer determines that the child received a FAPE. The parent may still file a Complaint with the Bureau of Special Education within the Pennsylvania Department of Education regarding procedural violations.

Civil Action. A party that disagrees with the findings and decision of the Hearing Officer has the right to file an appeal in state or federal court. In notifying the parties of the decision, the Hearing officer shall indicate the courts to which an appeal may be taken. The party filing an appeal is encouraged to seek legal counsel to determine the appropriate court with which to file an appeal. A party filing an appeal to state or federal court has ninety (90) days from the date of the decision to do so.

Attorney’s Fees. A court, in its discretion, may award reasonable attorney’s fees to the parent of a child who is a prevailing party or to a State Educational Agency or LEA against the attorney of the parent who files a Due Process Hearing Request or subsequent cause of action that is frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation, or against the attorney of the parent who continued to litigate after the litigation clearly became frivolous, unreasonable or without foundation; or to a prevailing State Educational Agency or LEA against the attorney of the parent, or against the parent, if the parent's Due Process Hearing Request or subsequent cause of action was presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass, to cause unnecessary delay, or to needlessly increase the cost of litigation. Fees awarded will be based on rates prevailing in the community in which the action or proceeding arose for the kind and quantity of attorney services furnished.

Question 5

Part 2 : What special rights and protections do children with disabilities and their parents/legal guardians have?

Accepted Answer

The federal law imposes certain requirements upon the parent and LEA and in some circumstances may limit attorney fee awards. Parents/legal guardians should consult with their legal counsel regarding these matters. The following rules apply: Attorney’s fees may not be awarded and related costs may not be reimbursed in any action or proceeding for services performed subsequent to the time of a written offer of settlement to the parent if the offer is made within the time prescribed by Rule 68 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures, or, in the case of an administrative hearing, at any time more than ten (10) days before the proceeding begins; the offer is not accepted within ten (10) days; and the court finds that the relief finally obtained by the parent is not more favorable to the parent than the offer of settlement. Attorney’s fees may not be awarded for time spent attending any meeting of the IEP team unless the meeting is convened as a result of an administrative proceeding or judicial action. A due process resolution session is not considered to be a meeting convened as a result of an administrative hearing or judicial action, nor an administrative hearing or judicial action for purposes of reimbursing attorney’s fees. The Court may reduce the amount of any attorney’s fee award when: (a) the parent, or the parent's attorney, during the course of the action or proceeding unreasonably protracted the final resolution of the controversy; (b) the amount of the attorney’s fees otherwise authorized to be awarded unreasonably exceeds the hourly rate prevailing in the community for similar services by attorneys of reasonably comparable skill, reputation, and experience; (c) the time spent and legal services furnished were excessive considering the nature of the action or proceeding; or (d) the attorney representing the parent did not provide to LEA the appropriate information in the Due Process Hearing Request. These reductions do not apply in any action or proceeding if the court finds that the State or LEA unreasonably protracted the final resolution of the action or proceeding.

Child's Status During Administrative Proceedings. Except for discipline cases, which have specific rules, while the due process case, including appeal to a court of competent jurisdiction, is pending, the child must remain in his or her present educational placement unless the parent and LEA or State agree otherwise. If the due process hearing involves an application for initial admission to public school, the child, with parental consent, must be placed in the public school program until completion of all the proceedings, unless the parent and LEA agree otherwise.

Private School Tuition Reimbursement. In some cases, parents/legal guardians of children who were identified by the public school as eligible for special education and related services and who received such services can recover in a due process hearing or from a court an award of private school tuition reimbursement. Parents/legal guardians can also receive such awards if their child was in need of special education and related services but were not offered such services in a timely manner. To obtain an award of tuition reimbursement, parents/legal guardians must notify their public school of their intent to enroll their child in a private school either verbally at the last IEP team meeting prior to withdrawing their child or in writing received by the public school at least ten days prior to the date on which the child is withdrawn from public school. Parents/legal guardians can obtain tuition only when they can prove at a special education due process hearing that (1) the public school failed to offer an appropriate program or placement to the child, (2) the parents/legal guardians therefore placed their child in a private school, and (3) the private school placement was proper. Tuition reimbursement awards can be denied or reduced if the parent’ s behavior was improper or if the parents/legal guardians delay unreasonably in asserting a claim against the public school in a due process hearing. Such awards can also be denied or reduced if the parents/legal guardians fail to do one of the following: (1) notify the public school of their intent to place the child in a private school at public expense during the last IEP team meeting prior to the planned placement, or (2) notify the public school in writing of their intent to place the student in a private school at public expense at least ten days before withdrawing the student for that purpose.

Mediation. Parties may agree to submit their dispute to the mediation process by requesting mediation from the Office for Dispute Resolution. Mediation may be requested in place of or in addition to a due process hearing. If a hearing is also requested, mediation cannot delay the scheduling of the due process hearing, unless the Hearing Officer grants a continuance for that purpose at the request of a party. An impartial, trained mediator facilitates the mediation process, which is scheduled at a time and location convenient to the parties. The parties are not permitted to have attorneys participate in the process. Any resolution reached through mediation must be reduced to writing, which will be binding on the parties.

Rights under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. As noted above, some students with disabilities who are not in need of special education and related services are nevertheless entitled to adaptations and accommodations in their school program or in the physical environment of school buildings, grounds, vehicles, and equipment, when such adaptations or accommodations are required to enable the student to access and participate meaningfully in educational programming and extracurricular activities. Parents/legal guardians are entitled to a written description of the adaptations and accommodations that the public school is willing to offer. This written description is called a “service agreement” or “accommodation plan.” The rights and protections described above under the headings “Notice,” “Consent,” “Protection in Evaluation Procedures,” and “Maintenance of Placement” apply to students receiving adaptations and accommodations under Section 504. Parents/legal guardians who have complaints concerning the evaluation, program, placement, or provision of services to a student may request either an informal conference with the public school or a due process hearing. The hearing must be held before an impartial hearing officer at a time and location convenient to the parents/legal guardians. Parents/legal guardians have the right to request a free written or electronic transcript or recording of the proceedings, to present evidence and witnesses disclosed to the public school, to confront evidence and testimony presented by the public school, to review their child’s complete educational record on request before the hearing, to receive a written decision from the hearing officer, and to be represented by counsel or an advocate of their choice. An appeal may be taken from the decision of the hearing officer to a court of competent jurisdiction.

Compliance Complaints. In addition to the above hearing rights, parents/legal guardians and others with complaints concerning the education of a child with disabilities or violations of rights guaranteed by either the IDEA or Section 504 may file complaints with the Pennsylvania Department of Education, which must investigate such complaints and issue written findings and conclusions. Information concerning such complaints can be obtained at the following address:
Pennsylvania Department of Education Bureau of Special Education
Division of Compliance Monitoring and Planning 333 Market Street, 7th Floor
Harrisburg, PA 17126-0333
(800) 879-2301

Students Who are Mentally Gifted
All Carbon/Lehigh County School entities, except charter schools, also offer special education services, in the form of acceleration or enrichment, for students who are identified by a gifted multidisciplinary team (“GMDT”) as “mentally gifted.” A child is considered mentally gifted when his or her cognitive ability or other factors, as determined by a multidisciplinary team evaluation, indicate that he or she has outstanding intellectual ability the development of which requires special programs and services not ordinarily available in the general education program. The school entity engages in screening activities during regular classroom instruction and uses the data thus generated to determine whether a GMDT evaluation is warranted. In addition, parents/legal guardians may request gifted screening or a GMDT evaluation at any time. Parents/legal guardians are part of the GMDT and, if their child is determined to be mentally gifted, are part of the development and annual review and revision of their child’s gifted individualized educational program (“GIEP”) as a member of the GIEP team. The GIEP describes the present levels, annual goals and measurable objectives, and specially designed instruction and related services through which the District will provide the enrichment or acceleration, or both, that is needed to develop the outstanding mental ability of the child. Parents/legal guardians of students who are mentally gifted have the right to request a special education due process hearing or to file a compliance complaint with the Pennsylvania Department of Education at the above address. Details concerning the procedures governing hearing requests can be found on the Website of the Office for Dispute Resolution at the Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network Website.

A child can be identified as both a child with a disability and mentally gifted. In such cases, the rights of the child and his or her parents/legal guardians are governed by the rules applicable to children with disabilities and their parents/legal guardians, as described above.

Student Records
All Carbon/Lehigh County School entities maintain records concerning all children enrolled in public school, including students with disabilities. Records containing personally identifiable information about or related to children with disabilities could include, but are not limited to, cumulative grade reports, discipline records, enrollment and attendance records, health records, individualized education programs, notices of recommended assignment, notices of intent to evaluate and reevaluate, comprehensive evaluation reports, other evaluation reports by public school staff and by outside evaluators, work samples, test data, data entered into the Penn Data system, correspondence between school staff and home, instructional support team documents, referral data, memoranda, and other education-related documents. Records can be maintained on paper, on microfiche, on audio or videotape, and electronically. Records can be located in the central administrative offices of the public school, the administrative offices of the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit (for students in Early Intervention), the school building or building at which the student attended or attends school, private schools and facilities at which the public school has placed the child for educational purposes, central storage facilities and electronic storage systems, and in the secure possession of teachers, building administrators, specialists, psychologists, counselors, and other school staff with a legitimate educational interest in the information contained therein. All records are maintained in the strictest confidentiality.

Records are maintained as long as they remain educationally relevant. The purposes of collecting and maintaining records are (1) to ensure that the child receives programs and services consistent with his or her IEP; (2) to monitor the ongoing effectiveness of programming for the child; (3) to document for the public school and the parents/legal guardians that the student is making meaningful progress; (4) to satisfy the requirements of state and federal agencies who have an interest in inspecting or reviewing documents concerning particular students or groups of students for purposes of compliance monitoring, complaint investigation, and fiscal and program audits; and (5) to inform future programming for and evaluations of the child.

Question 6

Part 3 : What special rights and protections do children with disabilities and their parents/legal guardians have?

Accepted Answer

The public school districts of Carbon and Lehigh County, and the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit #21, are required to notify parents and guardians when personally-identifiable information concerning students with disabilities, or students who were evaluated to determine the need for special education services, is no longer needed to provide educational services to the student (“no longer educationally relevant”). The District considers certain records to be no longer educationally relevant based on the following schedule:

• All test protocols and other raw data used as part of an evaluation or reevaluation will be considered no longer educationally relevant at the conclusion of the school year during which the evaluation or reevaluation has occurred.
• All IEP progress monitoring data will be considered no longer educationally relevant as of the date on which such data are reported to parents or guardians in a progress report or at the conclusion of the school year during which such data are collected, whichever is sooner.
• All notes of IEP team members and draft IEPs, if any, will be considered no longer educationally relevant as of the date that the IEP to which such notes of drafts pertain is issued to the parents or guardian.
• All Permissions to Evaluate or Reevaluate, Invitations to IEP or Other Meetings and related documents, Evaluation or Reevaluation Reports, IEPs, Notices of Recommended Educational Placement and related documents, Complaint Investigation Reports, Mediation Agreements, and Hearing Officer Decisions will be considered no longer educationally relevant at the conclusion of the sixth year from the date on which the student graduates from High School, ceases residency in the District for reasons other than placement in a hospital or treatment facility, or attains age twenty-one, whichever is sooner. The CLIU considers the records maintained by their agency to be considered no longer educationally relevant at the conclusion of the sixth year from the date on which the student turns age 21.

Parents and guardians have the right to request, in writing, that the District/IU destroy any or all records deemed no longer educationally relevant. The District/IU, at its discretion, may also destroy such records without further notice to parents, guardians, or students.

The Pennsylvania Department of Education (“PDE”) will destroy or have destroyed all test booklets for the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (“PSSA”), Keystone Exams, and Pennsylvania Alternative System of Assessment (“PASA”) one year from the date on which student results are delivered. PDE will also destroy or have destroyed all answer booklets for the PSSA and Keystone exams and all media recordings for the PASA three years from the date on which the assessment is completed.

Parent consent. Parent consent is required in writing prior to the release of any personally identifiable information concerning a child with disabilities. Parent consent is not required, however, prior to the release of information (1) to a hearing officer in a special education due process hearing; (2) to public school officials, including staff and contractors, with a legitimate educational interest in the information; (3) to officials or staff of other schools and school systems at which the student is enrolled or intends to enroll; (4) to federal or state education officials and agencies and to the Comptroller of the United States; (5) to accrediting organizations to carry out their accrediting functions; (6) to comply with a lawful subpoena or judicial order; (7) in conjunction with a health or safety emergency to the extent necessary to
protect the health and safety of the child or others; or (8) that the public schools have designated as “directory information.” Disclosure without consent of the parent is subject to certain conditions more fully described in the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C § 1332g, and its implementing regulation, 34 C.F.R. Part 99.

Parent access. Upon submitting a request to do so in writing, parents/legal guardians have the right to access the educational records of their child within forty five days or before any due process hearing or IEP team meeting, whichever is sooner. Access entitles the parent to the following: (1) an explanation and interpretation of the records by public school personnel; (2) copies of the records if providing copies is the only means by which the parent can effectively exercise his or her right of inspection and review; and (3) inspection and review of the records by a representative of the parent’s choosing upon presentation to the records custodian of a written authorization from the parent. The public school can charge a fee not to exceed its actual costs for copying records.

“Directory information.” Public school entities designate certain kinds of information as “directory information.” The public schools of Carbon/Lehigh County typically designate the following as “directory information”: (1) the name, address, telephone number, and photographs of the child; (2) the date and place of birth of the child; (3) participation in school clubs and extracurricular activities; (4) weight and height of members of athletic teams; (5) dates of attendance; (6) diplomas and awards received; (7) the most recent previous institution or school attended by the child; and (8) names of parents/legal guardians, siblings, and other family members. The District will provide this information to any interested person, including armed forces recruiters who request it, without seeking consent from the parents/legal guardians of the student or the student. Parents/legal guardians who do not want the District to disclose such information must so notify the District in writing on or before the first day of the school term. Written notice must identify the specific types of directory information that the parent does not want the District to disclose without consent. If the parent fails to notify the District in writing by the first day of the school term, the District may release directory information upon request and without consent.

Disclosure of records containing personally identifiable information to other schools and institutions. Public school entities disclose personally identifiable information concerning students to educational agencies or institutions at which the student seeks to enroll, intends to enroll, or is enrolled, or from which the student receives services, when that agency or institution requests such records.

Access to records by school officials with a “legitimate educational interest.” School officials with a legitimate educational interest in the personally-identifiable information contained in education records can have access to personally identifiable information without parent or student consent. Each school entity designates in its education records policy those persons who have a “legitimate educational interest” that would allow such access to education records. Such persons typically include teachers of the child, building administrators, guidance counselors to whom the child is assigned, members of instructional support and multidisciplinary teams in the course of screening and evaluation activities, records custodians and clerks, public school administrators with responsibility for programs in which the student is enrolled or intends to be enrolled, school board members sitting in executive session in consideration of matters concerning the child upon which only the school board can act, program specialists and instructional aides working with the child, therapeutic staff working with the child, and substitutes for any of the foregoing persons.

Amendment of Education Records. After reviewing records, a parent or a student who has attained the age of 18 can request that records be amended. The school will make the requested changes or reject the request within forty-five days of the receipt of the request in writing. If the school rejects the request, the parent or student may request an informal hearing. The hearing can be held before any public school official who does not have a direct interest in its outcome. If the parents/legal guardians are dissatisfied with the outcome of the informal hearing, they may submit to the public school a statement outlining their disagreement with the record. The school thereafter must attach a copy of that statement to all copies of the record disclosed to third parties.

Complaints to the United States Department of Education. Complaints concerning alleged failure of a public school entity to comply with the requirements of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act may be addressed to the United States Department of Education as follows:

Family Policy Compliance Office
U.S. Department of Education
400 Maryland Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20202-4605

Notice of Special Education Services

The Carbon & Lehigh School Districts & Charter Schools and the Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit #21 Provide Special Education Services to Special Needs Children